Existing polymer network model of hydrogels approximately adopts phantom network model or slip-link model. Maximum uniaxial elastic deformation (lmax) follows an exponent of 1/2 with respect to N in existing hydrogels. Biaxial deformation is more challenging because chains extend along two directions.

From ‘superatoms’, ‘colloidal molecules’, to ‘electron equivalents’, size-magnified analogies to elementary particles have garnered significant interest. It was expected that a spectrum of 'soft alloys' dictated by principles distinct from atomic packing would emerge in soft matter, extending beyond traditional metal alloys.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) based upon organic semiconducting photoactive film promise low-cost, low-weight, and flexible photovoltaics, exhibiting promising prospect in portable power sources, wearable smart equipment and et al.