Bao et al. proposed the concept of "confined catalysis" and further expanded the research to interactions in two-dimensional interfaces and the microenvironment of active centers, investigating how these interactions modulate electronic energy states.

Zhang was the first to report the Pt₁/FeOₓ single-atom catalyst internationally and, based on this, proposed the concept of "single-atom catalysis." Single-atom catalysts exhibit many characteristics distinct from supported nanoparticle catalysts, such as maximal metal utilization

Xia et al. collaborated to demonstrate through in situ absorption spectroscopy that the directional transformation of Cu species during the electrochemical reaction process is significant for the rational design of CO₂ reduction product components.